Understanding ADHD: Symptoms, Causes And Treatment

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that often starts in childhood but can persist into adulthood, affecting learning, work, relationships, and self-management. Understanding ADHD is essential to reduce stigma and provide appropriate support.

 Understanding ADHD Symptoms

ADHD typically presents with symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, but these vary from person to person. Symptoms fall into two main categories:

1. Primarily Inattentive ADHD: Individuals with this form struggle to stay focused, get distracted easily, and may have organizational difficulties. Common signs include forgetfulness, losing things, or appearing “daydreamy.” Those with this subtype are less likely to be diagnosed, especially women, as their symptoms are less disruptive compared to those with hyperactive ADHD.

2. Hyperactivity-Impulsivity: People with this subtype may appear constantly in motion, talk excessively, interrupt others, or struggle to sit still. They often act without thinking about the consequences, which can be mistaken for rebellion or rudeness. Extra movement may be an attempt to compensate for low dopamine, which is why fidgeting has been shown to help people with ADHD focus better.

Some individuals experience both inattention and hyperactivity, leading to a diagnosis of combined-type ADHD. However, ADHD's impact extends beyond these traits to areas like time management, emotional regulation, and relationships.[1]

Understanding ADHD: Nature Nurture Both?

ADHD is largely hereditary, with a strong genetic link. If a parent has ADHD, their child is more likely to develop it, as supported by twin studies.[2] However, environmental factors, such as prenatal exposure to tobacco, alcohol, or stress, as well as low birth weight and early childhood trauma, can also increase the risk of developing ADHD.[3]

Although many poor lifestyle habits and behaviours can exacerbate ADHD, it's important to clarify that ADHD is not caused by bad parenting, diet, or excessive screen time—common myths that contribute to stigma and ineffective interventions (or lack thereof). Instead, it results from a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors, and is primarily a brain-based condition. Neurotransmitters like dopamine and neuro-pinephrine often function differently in individuals with ADHD, leading to challenges in focus, motivation, and self-regulation.

Understanding ADHD Differently: From Deficit to Neurodiversity

Historically, people with ADHD were viewed as "bad, lazy, or stupid". As  understanding grew, ADHD was redefined as a medical condition. Early descriptions, like “minimal brain dysfunction,” evolved into the use of stimulant medications to help manage symptoms. This medical model framed ADHD as a brain chemistry issue, but focused on deficits.

Today, the neurodiversity movement advocates understanding ADHD not so much as a disorder, but a difference. This perspective emphasizes the strengths and unique abilities of people with ADHD, encouraging society to accommodate different ways of thinking and processing rather than trying to force neurodivergent individuals to fit into a neurotypical mold.

You can learn more about the various models of understanding ADHD (medical, social, neurodiversity, and The MisFit Model) here Neurodiversity and ADHD: Medical, Social & Beyond

Understanding ADHD Continues To Evolve

Alongside neurodiversity, new ways of conceptualizing ADHD have emerged, such as the Variable Attention Stimulus Trait (VAST) model which was described in the brilliant book ADHD 2.0 by Dr. Hallowell and Dr. Ratey (highly recommended).[4] In this understanding ADHD is reframed as a trait (VAST) in which some people are diagnosable ADHD whilst others have the traits but do not qualify for medical intervention, in other words there is a spectrum whereby some have a disorder but others have the traits without disorder, acknowledging the idea of a "spectrum" and that distractibility or hyperfocus can be strengths in the right context.[5]

Many people with ADHD excel in creative fields, entrepreneurship, or fast-paced environments where their adaptability and quick thinking are assets. For instance, in my work as a hypnotherapist and coach, I find that the creative process of helping people “lights up” my brain, enhancing my own performance.

In my work with ADHD clients, I have worked with writers, entrepreneurs, musicians, and even a comedian. Part of managing and understanding ADHD involves identifying what environments or careers work best for the individual.

The Importance of Understanding ADHD

Understanding ADHD is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, it reduces stigma. Misconceptions lead to labels like “lazy” or “incompetent,” but by recognizing ADHD as a legitimate neurological condition, we can shift from judgment to support.

Secondly, it allows individuals and families to access the right resources. Early diagnosis and intervention can significantly improve quality of life. Whether through medication, therapy, or coaching, targeted strategies help people with ADHD manage their specific needs.

For many adults, especially those diagnosed late, ADHD can leave emotional scars. Undiagnosed ADHD often results in poor performance, stress, low self-esteem, and depression. Early intervention helps prevent this cycle and avoids the “micro trauma” (ongoing “low level” trauma that comes from trying to fit into a neurotypical world, especially when one doesn't know that they have ADHD.) [6]

Lastly, understanding ADHD fosters a more inclusive society. Schools, workplaces, and communities that embrace neurodiversity create spaces where people with ADHD can thrive, benefiting everyone by tapping into greater perspectives and talents. It takes all kinds of minds to make the world go round, and by recognising and utilising the unique contributions of the ADHD mind to our society, we all get to benefit...

Treatment Approaches for ADHD

Managing ADHD requires a tailored approach, as no single solution works for everyone. Common treatments include:

1. Medication: Stimulants like Ritalin or Adderall boost dopamine levels, improving focus and impulse control.

2. Therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) helps individuals develop coping strategies and emotional regulation skills.

3. Coaching: ADHD coaching focuses on practical strategies, like goal setting and time management, to help individuals thrive. Understanding ADHD (or psychoeducation) is often a helpful element of ADHD coaching. 

4. ADHD Hypnotherapy: By addressing deep-seated emotional patterns, hypnotherapy can help reduce stress and improve focus. My practice combines hypnotherapy with coaching (ADHD HypnoCoaching), offering clients the benefits of both approaches as well as faster results through this integrated approach.

Conclusion

ADHD affects nearly every aspect of life, but by embracing evolving perspectives and recognizing the strengths of neurodivergent individuals, we can help those with ADHD not only manage their challenges but thrive. With appropriate treatment and support, individuals with ADHD can unlock their full potential.

If you're interested in working with a professional ADHD HypnoCoach who understands your needs, then why not book in your Free "ADHD Hypnosis Discovery Call"